Source-aware · line & word study edition

श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता

Authentic Bhagavad Gita

Śrīmadbhagavadgītā

Read all eighteen chapters in their received Sanskrit, with consistent IAST, a close English rendering, and a grammatical word-by-word split for every verse, set within the Bhīṣmaparvan battlefield dialogue between Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna.

Open the reader Attribution & biography

कृ

On-site scope

All 701 verses

Sanskrit · Devanagari + IAST

Mahābhārata dialogue · 18 chapters, 701 verses

Before opening the reader

What changes when Krishna's counsel is read verse by verse, word by word?

The declared Sanskrit base text and its grammatical word-division are presented for all eighteen chapters, kept distinct from this site's mechanical transliteration, sourced or editorially supplied word meanings, and newly composed close English rendering.

Socratic lens

Test the assumption.

Ask what is being taken for granted, whose evidence matters, what a counterexample would show and who lives with the consequence.

How does hearing this as Sañjaya's report to Dhṛtarāṣṭra, rather than an abstract philosophical treatise, change what Kṛṣṇa's counsel to Arjuna is doing?
When a single Sanskrit compound can be split and glossed in more than one defensible way, what does the chosen word-by-word division make visible, and what does it foreclose?
How can the many centuries of commentary on this text (Śaṅkara, Rāmānuja, Madhusūdana, and others) be honoured rather than flattened by one close, literal English rendering?
What does it mean to call this edition complete: is completeness about verse count alone, or also about the layers of reading a single verse can support?

First-principles lens

Find what must be true.

Strip the subject back to its purpose, evidence, mechanism and constraints before rebuilding the argument.

Which Sanskrit wording comes from the declared base source, and which normalization, transliteration, word-division, and English wording were prepared for this reader?
Why does this edition carry 701 verses when 700 is the more commonly cited total, and what does that difference actually consist of?
What can a concise, literal, word-grounded English rendering establish about a verse, and what does it still leave to grammar, philosophical context, and commentary?
What evidence distinguishes Sañjaya as narrator, Kṛṣṇa as the dialogue's speaker, and Vyāsa as the epic's traditional compiler, rather than treating all three as equivalent historical authors?

01 / Authenticity ledger

What “authentic” means here.

Source disclosed. Language named. Attribution qualified. Editorial choices made visible. It does not mean that one modern web page has erased every living recension or interpretive tradition.

Textual home

Mahābhārata · Bhīṣmaparvan

The Gītā is Kṛṣṇa's counsel to Arjuna on the eve of battle, embedded in the Bhīṣmaparvan of the Mahābhārata and narrated to Dhṛtarāṣṭra by Sañjaya.

Narrative frame

Sañjaya narrates · Kṛṣṇa teaches

Sañjaya, granted far-sight by Vyāsa, reports the dialogue to the blind king Dhṛtarāṣṭra; within that report, Kṛṣṇa is the dialogue's speaker and teacher.

Traditional attribution

Vyāsa as compiler-seer

Hindu tradition remembers Vyāsa as the Mahābhārata's compiler, within which the Gītā is set. This is a sacred textual attribution, not a modern authorship claim.

Reader standard

Every verse, every word

All 701 verses carry Devanagari, IAST, a close English rendering, and a word-by-word grammatical split with a meaning for each word.

02 / Word & compound reader

The text, opened carefully.

Complete 701-verse reading edition

Every verse across all eighteen chapters is present, including the additional Arjuna-uvāca opening verse of Chapter 13 carried by this edition's base text (see the note on 13.1). Each verse is split into its grammatical constituents with a sourced or editorially supplied meaning for every word.

Reader controls

Move between script, sound, and sense.

Search every layer, narrow the list by section, or switch to the uncluttered line view. Only a small set is rendered at once, so the reader stays quick on phones as well as larger screens.

Showing 12 of 701 entries

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Section

Reading layer

1.1Chapter 01 · Arjuna's Despondency

धर्मक्षेत्रे कुरुक्षेत्रे समवेता युयुत्सवः । मामकाः पाण्डवाश्चैव किमकुर्वत सञ्जय

dharmakṣetre kurukṣetre samavetā yuyutsavaḥ | māmakāḥ pāṇḍavāścaiva kimakurvata sañjaya

Close meaning

Dhritarashtra asks: gathered on the field of dharma at Kurukshetra, eager to fight, what did my sons and Pandu's sons do, Sanjaya?

Word & compound study

धर्मक्षेत्रेdharma-kṣetre

in the place of pilgrimage

कुरुक्षेत्रेkuru-kṣetre

in the place named Kuruksetra

समवेताःsamavetāḥ

assembled

युयुत्सवःyuyutsavaḥ

desiring to fight

मामकाःmāmakāḥ

my party (sons)

पाण्डवाःpāṇḍavāḥ

the sons of Pandu

चca

and

एवeva

certainly

किम्kim

what

अकुर्वतakurvata

did they do

सञ्जयsañjaya

O Sanjaya

1.2Chapter 01 · Arjuna's Despondency

दृष्ट्वा तु पाण्डवानीकं व्यूढं दुर्योधनस्तदा । आचार्यमुपसङ्गम्य राजा वचनमब्रवीत्

dṛṣṭvā tu pāṇḍavānīkaṃ vyūḍhaṃ duryodhanastadā | ācāryamupasaṅgamya rājā vacanamabravīt

Close meaning

Sanjaya said: seeing the Pandava army arrayed, King Duryodhana approached his teacher Drona and spoke.

Word & compound study

दृष्ट्वाdṛṣṭvā

after seeing

तुtu

but

पाण्डवानीकम्pāṇḍava-anīkam

the soldiers of the Pandavas

व्यूढम्vyūḍham

arranged in a military phalanx

दुर्योधनःduryodhanaḥ

King Duryodhana

तदाtadā

at that time

आचार्यम्ācāryam

the teacher

उपसङ्गम्यupasaṅgamya

approaching

राजाrājā

the king

वचनम्vacanam

word

अब्रवीत्abravīt

spoke

1.3Chapter 01 · Arjuna's Despondency

पश्यैतां पाण्डुपुत्राणामाचार्य महतीं चमूम् । व्यूढां द्रुपदपुत्रेण तव शिष्येण धीमता

paśyaitāṃ pāṇḍuputrāṇāmācārya mahatīṃ camūm | vyūḍhāṃ drupadaputreṇa tava śiṣyeṇa dhīmatā

Close meaning

Behold, teacher, this great army of the sons of Pandu, arrayed by your own gifted pupil, the son of Drupada.

Word & compound study

पश्यpaśya

behold

एताम्etām

this

पाण्डुपुत्राणाम्pāṇḍu-putrāṇām

of the sons of Pandu

आचार्यācārya

O teacher

महतीम्mahatīm

great

चमूम्camūm

military force

व्यूढाम्vyūḍhām

arranged in a military phalanx

द्रुपदपुत्रेणdrupada-putreṇa

by the son of Drupada

तवtava

your

शिष्येणśiṣyeṇa

disciple

धीमताdhīmatā

very intelligent

1.4Chapter 01 · Arjuna's Despondency

अत्र शूरा महेष्वासा भीमार्जुनसमा युधि । युयुधानो विराटश्च द्रुपदश्च महारथः

atra śūrā maheṣvāsā bhīmārjunasamā yudhi | yuyudhāno virāṭaśca drupadaśca mahārathaḥ

Close meaning

Here are heroes, mighty archers equal to Bhima and Arjuna in battle: Yuyudhana, Virata, and the great chariot-warrior Drupada.

Word & compound study

अत्रatra

here

शूराःśūrāḥ

heroes

महाइषुआसाःmahā-iṣu-āsāḥ

great + arrow + wielders, seated ones

भीमार्जुनसमाःbhīma-arjuna-samāḥ

by Bhima + O Arjuna + equal

युधिyudhi

in the fight

युयुधानःyuyudhānaḥ

Yuyudhana

विराटःvirāṭaḥ

Virata

चca

and

द्रुपदःdrupadaḥ

Drupada

चca

and

महारथःmahārathaḥ

great fighter

1.5Chapter 01 · Arjuna's Despondency

धृष्टकेतुश्चेकितानः काशिराजश्च वीर्यवान् । पुरुजित्कुन्तिभोजश्च शैब्यश्च नरपुङ्गवः

dhṛṣṭaketuścekitānaḥ kāśirājaśca vīryavān | purujitkuntibhojaśca śaibyaśca narapuṅgavaḥ

Close meaning

Dhrishtaketu, Chekitana, and the valiant king of Kashi; Purujit, Kuntibhoja, and Shaibya, the best of men.

Word & compound study

धृष्टकेतुःdhṛṣṭaketuḥ

Dhrishtaketu

चेकितानःcekitānaḥ

Cekitana

काशिराजःkāśirājaḥ

Kasiraja

चca

and

वीर्यवान्vīryavān

very powerful

पुरुजित्purujit

Purujit

कुन्तिभोजःkuntibhojaḥ

Kuntibhoja

चca

and

शैब्यःśaibyaḥ

Saibya

चca

and

नरपुङ्गवःnara-puṅgavaḥ

hero in human society

1.6Chapter 01 · Arjuna's Despondency

युधामन्युश्च विक्रान्त उत्तमौजाश्च वीर्यवान् । सौभद्रो द्रौपदेयाश्च सर्व एव महारथाः

yudhāmanyuśca vikrānta uttamaujāśca vīryavān | saubhadro draupadeyāśca sarva eva mahārathāḥ

Close meaning

The valiant Yudhamanyu, the mighty Uttamaujas, the son of Subhadra, and the sons of Draupadi—all of them great chariot-warriors.

Word & compound study

युधामन्युःyudhāmanyuḥ

Yudhamanyu

चca

and

विक्रान्तःvikrāntaḥ

mighty

उत्तमौजाःuttamaujāḥ

Uttamauja

चca

and

वीर्यवान्vīryavān

very powerful

सौभद्रःsaubhadraḥ

the son of Subhadra

द्रौपदेयाःdraupadeyāḥ

the sons of Draupadi

चca

and

सर्वेsarve

all

एवeva

certainly

महारथाःmahārathāḥ

great chariot fighters

1.7Chapter 01 · Arjuna's Despondency

अस्माकं तु विशिष्टा ये तान्निबोध द्विजोत्तम । नायका मम सैन्यस्य संज्ञार्थं तान्ब्रवीमि ते

asmākaṃ tu viśiṣṭā ye tānnibodha dvijottama | nāyakā mama sainyasya saṃjñārthaṃ tānbravīmi te

Close meaning

But know also, best of the twice-born, the distinguished ones among us; I name for you the leaders of my army.

Word & compound study

अस्माकम्asmākam

our

तुtu

but

विशिष्टाःviśiṣṭāḥ

especially powerful

येye

who

तान्tān

them

निबोधnibodha

just take note of, be informed

द्विजौत्तमdvija-uttama

the brahmanas + transcendental

नायकाःnāyakāḥ

captains

ममmama

सैन्यस्यsainyasya

of the soldiers

संज्ञार्थंsaṃjñārthaṃ

for the sake of information

तान्tān

them

ब्रवीमिbravīmi

I am speaking

तेte

to you

1.8Chapter 01 · Arjuna's Despondency

भवान्भीष्मश्च कर्णश्च कृपश्च समितिञ्जयः । अश्वत्थामा विकर्णश्च सौमदत्तिस्तथैव च

bhavānbhīṣmaśca karṇaśca kṛpaśca samitiñjayaḥ | aśvatthāmā vikarṇaśca saumadattistathaiva ca

Close meaning

Your own self, Bhishma, Karna, and Kripa ever victorious in battle, Ashvatthama, Vikarna, and the son of Somadatta.

Word & compound study

भवान्bhavān

your good self

भीष्मःbhīṣmaḥ

Grandfather Bhishma

चca

and

कर्णःkarṇaḥ

Karna

चca

and

कृपःkṛpaḥ

Krpa

चca

and

समितिञ्जयःsamitiñjayaḥ

always victorious in battle

अश्वत्थामाaśvatthāmā

Asvatthama

विकर्णःvikarṇaḥ

Vikarna

चca

and

सौमदत्तिःsaumadattiḥ

the son of Somadatta

तथाtathā

as well as

एवeva

certainly

चca

and

1.9Chapter 01 · Arjuna's Despondency

अन्ये च बहवः शूरा मदर्थे त्यक्तजीविताः । नानाशस्त्रप्रहरणाः सर्वे युद्धविशारदाः

anye ca bahavaḥ śūrā madarthe tyaktajīvitāḥ | nānāśastrapraharaṇāḥ sarve yuddhaviśāradāḥ

Close meaning

And many other heroes, ready to give up their lives for my sake, armed with various weapons, all skilled in war.

Word & compound study

अन्येanye

others

चca

and

बहवःbahavaḥ

in great numbers

शूराःśūrāḥ

heroes

मदर्थेmadarthe

for my sake

त्यक्तजीविताःtyakta-jīvitāḥ

prepared to risk life

नानाशस्त्रप्रहरणाःnānā-śastra-praharaṇāḥ

many + weapons + equipped with

सर्वेsarve

all

युद्धविशारदाःyuddha-viśāradāḥ

experienced in military science

1.10Chapter 01 · Arjuna's Despondency

अपर्याप्तं तदस्माकं बलं भीष्माभिरक्षितम् । पर्याप्तं त्विदमेतेषां बलं भीमाभिरक्षितम्

aparyāptaṃ tadasmākaṃ balaṃ bhīṣmābhirakṣitam | paryāptaṃ tvidameteṣāṃ balaṃ bhīmābhirakṣitam

Close meaning

Unlimited is this army of ours, guarded by Bhishma, while limited is that army of theirs, guarded by Bhima.

Word & compound study

अपर्याप्तम्aparyāptam

immeasurable

तत्tat

that

अस्माकम्asmākam

our

बलम्balam

strength

भीष्माभिरक्षितम्bhīṣma-abhirakṣitam

by Grandfather Bhishma + perfectly protected

पर्याप्तम्paryāptam

limited

तुtu

but

इदम्idam

all this

एतेषाम्eteṣām

of the Pandavas

बलम्balam

strength

भीमाभिरक्षितम्bhīma-abhirakṣitam

by Bhima + perfectly protected

1.11Chapter 01 · Arjuna's Despondency

अयनेषु च सर्वेषु यथाभागमवस्थिताः । भीष्ममेवाभिरक्षन्तु भवन्तः सर्व एव हि

ayaneṣu ca sarveṣu yathābhāgamavasthitāḥ | bhīṣmamevābhirakṣantu bhavantaḥ sarva eva hi

Close meaning

Therefore, all of you, stationed in your respective positions at every point, guard Bhishma alone.

Word & compound study

अयनेषुayaneṣu

in the strategic points

चca

and

सर्वेषुsarveṣu

everywhere

यथाभागम्yathā-bhāgam

as differently arranged

अवस्थिताःavasthitāḥ

situated

भीष्मम्bhīṣmam

unto Grandfather Bhishma

एवeva

certainly

अभिरक्षन्तुabhirakṣantu

should give support

भवन्तःbhavantaḥ

you

सर्वेsarve

all

एवeva

certainly

हिhi

certainly

1.12Chapter 01 · Arjuna's Despondency

तस्य सञ्जनयन्हर्षं कुरुवृद्धः पितामहः । सिंहनादं विनद्योच्चैः शङ्खं दध्मौ प्रतापवान्

tasya sañjanayanharṣaṃ kuruvṛddhaḥ pitāmahaḥ | siṃhanādaṃ vinadyoccaiḥ śaṅkhaṃ dadhmau pratāpavān

Close meaning

The aged Kuru elder Bhishma, to gladden Duryodhana, roared a lion's roar and blew his conch loudly.

Word & compound study

तस्यtasya

his

सञ्जनयन्sañjanayan

increasing

हर्षम्harṣam

cheerfulness

कुरुवृद्धःkuru-vṛddhaḥ

the grandsire of the Kuru dynasty (Bhishma)

पितामहःpitāmahaḥ

the grandfather

सिंहनादम्siṃhanādam

a lion's roar

विनद्यvinadya

vibrating

उच्चैःuccaiḥ

very loudly

शङ्खम्śaṅkham

conchshell

दध्मौdadhmau

blew

प्रतापवान्pratāpavān

the valiant

bhagavad gita · editorial study edition

03 / Attribution & biography

People, voices, and tradition.

A sacred text can have a poet, a speaker inside its story, a traditional compiler, and later commentators. These roles are named separately so reverence never requires blurred history.

Narrative voice01

Narrator within the epic

Sañjaya

Sañjaya is the charioteer-minister granted divine sight by Vyāsa so he can witness and report the Kurukṣetra war to the blind king Dhṛtarāṣṭra. He narrates the entire Gītā dialogue at one remove; the closing chapter returns to his voice describing what he has seen and heard.

Narrative voice02

Speaker inside the dialogue

Kṛṣṇa

Kṛṣṇa, Arjuna's charioteer and cousin, is the Gītā's teacher within the story: a divine figure in the epic's own terms who answers Arjuna's crisis of conscience with teachings on duty, action, knowledge, and devotion. This identifies the dialogue's speaker inside the narrative, not a historically documented author.

Traditional attribution03

Traditional epic compiler and seer

Kṛṣṇa Dvaipāyana Vyāsa

Hindu tradition remembers Vyāsa as the compiler of the Mahābhārata, within which the Gītā appears as an episode of Book Six. He is presented here as a traditional compiler-seer, not as a modern author with independently verifiable dates.

04 / Editorial method

Designed for honest study.

01
The Sanskrit base text follows the widely circulated recension prepared by volunteers at sanskritdocuments.org, cross-checked verse by verse against its companion word-meaning and sandhi-vigraha (compound-splitting) files from the same source.
02
Devanagari and IAST are generated mechanically from that base text using a standard ITRANS-based transliteration library, not retyped by hand; a small number of source-specific spelling conventions (such as this edition's own notation for jña) were normalized before conversion so the two layers agree.
03
Word-by-word entries follow the grammatical compound-splitting (sandhi-vigraha) prepared for the cited source. Meanings are drawn from that source's companion word-meaning file where available; a minority of inflected or compound forms not covered there received a concise editorial gloss, checked against standard dictionaries.
04
The close English rendering for each verse is newly composed for this edition, checked against the word-by-word data verse by verse. It aims at a clear, literal reading rather than a polished literary paraphrase, and it does not replace the depth of a full commentary tradition (Śaṅkara, Rāmānuja, Madhusūdana, and others read many verses differently).
05
This edition's base text carries 701 verses because it includes the Arjuna-uvāca verse opening Chapter 13, present in many popular printed editions; Śaṅkara's recension omits that verse and begins the chapter with what this reader numbers 13.2, arriving at the more commonly cited total of 700. Both countings describe the same received text; nothing is silently dropped either way.
06
The source word-meaning file records a single dictionary sense for each Sanskrit spelling rather than a separate sense per verse; a handful of words that are genuinely spelled identically but mean different things in different verses (for example kṛṣṇaḥ, which names Kṛṣṇa in most verses but denotes the moon's dark fortnight in one astronomical aside) were individually checked and corrected, but the word-by-word layer as a whole should be read as a close, source-grounded study aid rather than an exhaustively context-verified translation for every one of several thousand words.

05 / Source shelf

Read beyond this edition.

Primary texts, manuscript records, and scholarly studies are linked directly. External texts remain with their custodians and under their stated terms.

Authentic Bhagavad Gita

Śrīmadbhagavadgītā

1.7Chapter 01 · Arjuna's Despondency

asmākaṃ tu viśiṣṭā ye tānnibodha dvijottama | nāyakā mama sainyasya saṃjñārthaṃ tānbravīmi te

Close meaning

But know also, best of the twice-born, the distinguished ones among us; I name for you the leaders of my army.

Word & compound study

अस्माकम्asmākam

our

तुtu

but

विशिष्टाःviśiṣṭāḥ

especially powerful

येye

who

तान्tān

them

निबोधnibodha

just take note of, be informed

द्विजौत्तमdvija-uttama

the brahmanas + transcendental

नायकाःnāyakāḥ

captains

ममmama

सैन्यस्यsainyasya

of the soldiers

संज्ञार्थंsaṃjñārthaṃ

for the sake of information

तान्tān

them

ब्रवीमिbravīmi

I am speaking

तेte

to you

What changes when Krishna's counsel is read verse by verse, word by word?

Test the assumption.

Find what must be true.

What “authentic” means here.

Mahābhārata · Bhīṣmaparvan

Sañjaya narrates · Kṛṣṇa teaches

Vyāsa as compiler-seer

Every verse, every word

The text, opened carefully.

Move between script, sound, and sense.

1.1: dharmakṣetre kurukṣetre samavetā yuyutsavaḥ | māmakāḥ pāṇḍavāścaiva kimakurvata sañjaya

1.2: dṛṣṭvā tu pāṇḍavānīkaṃ vyūḍhaṃ duryodhanastadā | ācāryamupasaṅgamya rājā vacanamabravīt

1.3: paśyaitāṃ pāṇḍuputrāṇāmācārya mahatīṃ camūm | vyūḍhāṃ drupadaputreṇa tava śiṣyeṇa dhīmatā

1.4: atra śūrā maheṣvāsā bhīmārjunasamā yudhi | yuyudhāno virāṭaśca drupadaśca mahārathaḥ

1.5: dhṛṣṭaketuścekitānaḥ kāśirājaśca vīryavān | purujitkuntibhojaśca śaibyaśca narapuṅgavaḥ

1.6: yudhāmanyuśca vikrānta uttamaujāśca vīryavān | saubhadro draupadeyāśca sarva eva mahārathāḥ

1.7: asmākaṃ tu viśiṣṭā ye tānnibodha dvijottama | nāyakā mama sainyasya saṃjñārthaṃ tānbravīmi te

1.8: bhavānbhīṣmaśca karṇaśca kṛpaśca samitiñjayaḥ | aśvatthāmā vikarṇaśca saumadattistathaiva ca

1.9: anye ca bahavaḥ śūrā madarthe tyaktajīvitāḥ | nānāśastrapraharaṇāḥ sarve yuddhaviśāradāḥ

1.10: aparyāptaṃ tadasmākaṃ balaṃ bhīṣmābhirakṣitam | paryāptaṃ tvidameteṣāṃ balaṃ bhīmābhirakṣitam

1.11: ayaneṣu ca sarveṣu yathābhāgamavasthitāḥ | bhīṣmamevābhirakṣantu bhavantaḥ sarva eva hi

1.12: tasya sañjanayanharṣaṃ kuruvṛddhaḥ pitāmahaḥ | siṃhanādaṃ vinadyoccaiḥ śaṅkhaṃ dadhmau pratāpavān

People, voices, and tradition.

Sañjaya

Kṛṣṇa

Kṛṣṇa Dvaipāyana Vyāsa

Designed for honest study.

Read beyond this edition.

What changes when Krishna's counsel is read verse by verse, word by word?

Test the assumption.

Find what must be true.

What “authentic” means here.

Mahābhārata · Bhīṣmaparvan

Sañjaya narrates · Kṛṣṇa teaches

Vyāsa as compiler-seer

Every verse, every word

The text, opened carefully.

Move between script, sound, and sense.

1.1: dharmakṣetre kurukṣetre samavetā yuyutsavaḥ | māmakāḥ pāṇḍavāścaiva kimakurvata sañjaya

1.2: dṛṣṭvā tu pāṇḍavānīkaṃ vyūḍhaṃ duryodhanastadā | ācāryamupasaṅgamya rājā vacanamabravīt

1.3: paśyaitāṃ pāṇḍuputrāṇāmācārya mahatīṃ camūm | vyūḍhāṃ drupadaputreṇa tava śiṣyeṇa dhīmatā

1.4: atra śūrā maheṣvāsā bhīmārjunasamā yudhi | yuyudhāno virāṭaśca drupadaśca mahārathaḥ

1.5: dhṛṣṭaketuścekitānaḥ kāśirājaśca vīryavān | purujitkuntibhojaśca śaibyaśca narapuṅgavaḥ

1.6: yudhāmanyuśca vikrānta uttamaujāśca vīryavān | saubhadro draupadeyāśca sarva eva mahārathāḥ

1.7: asmākaṃ tu viśiṣṭā ye tānnibodha dvijottama | nāyakā mama sainyasya saṃjñārthaṃ tānbravīmi te

1.8: bhavānbhīṣmaśca karṇaśca kṛpaśca samitiñjayaḥ | aśvatthāmā vikarṇaśca saumadattistathaiva ca

1.9: anye ca bahavaḥ śūrā madarthe tyaktajīvitāḥ | nānāśastrapraharaṇāḥ sarve yuddhaviśāradāḥ

1.10: aparyāptaṃ tadasmākaṃ balaṃ bhīṣmābhirakṣitam | paryāptaṃ tvidameteṣāṃ balaṃ bhīmābhirakṣitam

1.11: ayaneṣu ca sarveṣu yathābhāgamavasthitāḥ | bhīṣmamevābhirakṣantu bhavantaḥ sarva eva hi

1.12: tasya sañjanayanharṣaṃ kuruvṛddhaḥ pitāmahaḥ | siṃhanādaṃ vinadyoccaiḥ śaṅkhaṃ dadhmau pratāpavān

People, voices, and tradition.

Sañjaya

Kṛṣṇa

Kṛṣṇa Dvaipāyana Vyāsa

Designed for honest study.

Read beyond this edition.